Who are the Vikings?

The first thing I would like to say is that the word 'Vikings' is used incorrectly.  To go 'Viking' meant to go raiding and is a Nordic term - Vikingr.  So Vikings refers really to the ones that went raiding not the people entire.......  for example one whose occupation was a blacksmith or housekeeper would not be referred to as a Vikingr. However, later when the English attached it to the whole populations from there. 

The proper term, to refer to these Northern tribes, is Norsemen.  Norsemen are people who speak or are descendants of people who speak the Old Norse languages - Scandinavians.  Scandinavians in ancient times also referred to areas of - Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, the Farce Islands, and Greenland. but today are more distinct.  Now split as Danes, German, Anglo-Saxon and so on., all referred to as their place of establishment but to simplify this, keep reading.  

VERY IMPORTANT - The fact that there was a rise of exploration and general unpleasantness by the Northern European tribes around 793-1066 CE, does not always mean that the entire population were viscious, it is the act of raiding that somehow became synonymous with the 'people' and sadly ever since been stuck with the name Vikings.   There were in fact very few 'Viking' tribes who formed but this should not reflect attitude of all this areas people.   You cannot let the few bad eggs, in any  culture, reflect the attitudes of the whole of that people.

In studying the Scandinavian people, I came to the understanding many things that most modern day pagans miss, at one time the Celts, Scandinavians  and other Europeans were all one people originally.  Now before you all bark an uproar, forget about outdated theory.  Since the late 2005 there is DNA evidence that no one can dispute.  This shows us how we all spread out to different areas, before and after the ice age and became our own style of people.

Genetic studies of Icelanders also show that 60 to 80% of their genes are of the what we call 'Celtic' origin today.   We know now that the Irish landed there prior to Norse peoples and when they came they brought with them spouses from these tribes as well.   Iceland excavations also show the mix of Nordic and Celtic stock from the British Isles.   Once established we read that some Norsemen imported their wives directly from Ireland and Scotland.

By the end of the first millennium they were settling lands as far west as Iceland and Greenland and eventually reached the shores of Newfoundland.  BUT - this 'Celtic / Norse DNA is now found  in some of the North American Indian tribes showing they were here long before this.  They drifted across in the ice age period.   It has now been proven that there was solid ice connecting Europe with Newfoundland during this time and the tribes most likely got caught traveling along it in search of food.

Another outdated claim is that Stonehenge was built before the time of the Celtic period so they couldn't have build it.  Because the DNA of the pre-iceage bodies (Cheddar man in particular) and those of modern day, it is now proven they were already there.  When they spread out, they of course lost track of each other and each group developed their own distinct culture, languages and rituals but all were similar  seen even in the mythologies.  

Another thing we must accept is that way before the so called "viking era" , a lot of the Scandinavian tribes had already come over to what is called the Celtic tribal areas as early as the 400's CE and were living quite peacefully, some intermarried.   In fact many bragged about having an Irish wife for they were thought very intelligent, soft of voice and beautiful. Norwegians joined others and settled in Normandy, Iceland, Greenland, ireland but never got a strong hold there, Scotland, Wales, Shetland, Orkney, the Hebrides, the Faroe islands and Mann.  In some Historical records we see East Norse , which referred to the Danes and Swedes so... it gets confusing for sure for Norse were also in England (and took over the throne) Finland, Russia, Belgium, France (mix of Germand and Gauls became Franks), the Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, Poland, southern Italy and Canada.  And the Celts too were spread far a wide.  In fact DNA states the Objiwe tribe is both Celts and Asian - from Ice Age people.

It never ceases to amaze me that Caucasian people do not know their own history and lost beautiful rituals and beliefs.  And how people can fight to maintain our differences (which every tribe was) but we are the same peoples.

Why Are Scandinavian Gods so Warlike?

To understand their Gods, you must understand the people.  To understand the people, you must view them not with a modern mind but of the view of them or through their eyes, in their time.   Lets start from the most important thing.  The land they lived on;

Their ancient lands were at the far fringes of Europe, a difficult land, yet these people were able to call it home.   It was the same for those who traveled to Iceland and Greenland, land of freezing cold and fiery underworld geysers.  

Scandinavians were a sea fairing people and loved to find natural harbors as they made excellent places to hide their ships and fan them out.

Thus from the brutal land and the sometimes treacherous sea, the Norse world came from warriors view, a pure survival instinct.  They had to be tough and led a brutal existence, punctuated by warfare and periods of difficult sustenance during the cold winter months. They believed, if they died brave warriors in battle, they would be quickly whisked away to eternal happiness in Valhalla, the sacred hall of warriors.  The Celtic areas also speak of the soul being immortal and had no fear in battle.

All the tribes of this time believed the world was a magical place  and every single inanimate object was populated by a nature spirit.  This was weather, tree, sea and rock or mountain, animal and memory of  ancient beast passed down orally.  Incredibly thousands of years this was the way of keeping knowledge.  Their priests were called the Godi.

In looking at all this evidence, the ancient Scandinavians had a polytheistic religion, which means more than one God but by the end of the tenth century, the Scandinavians became Christianized by the traveling Irish monks.  The process went quite easy.  


Ancient Scandinavians honoured each God, in their tribe's pantheon, at a sacrifice time called a Blot.   Each God had a different date throughout the year.  A Blot, for example, could be at Yuletide.  The Vikings called this winter solstice date Jul.  Jul is the darkest time of the year when the sun died for 3 days then was reborn.  This blot was for the new year promises.   Other Gods blots were held in the different seasons.  The Celts, had different times of year for their sacrifices and dates for different gods or goddesses to be honoured as well.  The sacrifice at one of these consisted usually of animals. There is however a mention, in a saga, of the king of the Swedes being sacrificed to Odin after a few years of the tribes starvation which meant he was an un-fertile King.  We do have some references to the Celts doing this as well.

The sacrifice for the blot was made on an altar of piled up stones, called a Hörg. The blood of the animal was held in a Hlautbolli (bowl for blood).   After reciting songs in the honor of the god or gods chosen to worship, the priest passed the bowl with blood around as well as the meat.  A flame was involved and of course incantation songs. No doubt there was something done with the blood in the ceremony.   The Coligney Calendar shows that the Celts had both people celebrations and Holy days for the Druids only.
 
The Vikings, like the Celts, usually worshiped their gods in different areas outdoors as the Gods  were what they saw around them - hills, trees, rivers, constellations and so on.  There Gods were also their 'hero' ancestors, as they too believed they were descendants of the Gods.  The eldest Gods  resided in a special place and were considered a different level of Gods.  The Gods being those who birthed human nature  from them also had its rivalry.   The Celtic Gods had a hierarchy and 3 worlds.


Some rituals were held inside temples called hov. The hov wasn't necessarily a special building, it could be a hall or a part of a farm. These sacred places were also where trials were held. Scandinavians believed that justice was made by the gods.   Religion went hand in hand with law and still does in today's world.  For the Celts, both the Irish and Welsh laws still exist. 


Scandinavian Armour and Weapons:  Our knowledge, at this time, about arms and armour of the Viking age is from the eighth to eleventh centuries in Europe but we will try and keep you up to date as more surfaces.  We are always keeping up on new discoveries on documentaries and books.    Right now our knowledge is based on the sparse archaeological finds, pictorial representation, and a little on the accounts in the Norse sagas and laws recorded finally in the 1200's.  I would strongly like to point out that NEVER to date has their any been found any Viking helmet with horns.  This was only made popular through opera.   The Celts, however, had horn like cone helmets.

 

According to custom, all free Norse men were required to own weapons and permitted to carry them at all times if they could afford them.  These arms were an indication of the individuals social status.  A wealthy Viking would have complete gear, such as a metal helmet, wooden shield, chainmail shirt, and animal-skin coat, among various other weapons and so on.  The average landowner was likely limited to a spear, shield, and perhaps a seax (large knife), which gave the name to the Saxons  (an English Celts and Scandinavian mix tribe).  Some had hunting bows.  The Scot-Norse or Gaelic-Norse tribes in Highlands of Scotland might have had bows as well but bows were not popular for the Scottish tribes.  The Other Celts certainly had them though.

So Hence our name The Celts and Viking Mythology Shop is geared to Celtic and "Pirate" style peoples.




Germanic roots or language come from - (Britain,Germany, Iceland, Luxemburg, Belgium, Austria, Norway)

Ancient Celtic & Viking Hygiene and Hair Care

We always see in many depictions of Celts, and especially the Vikings, showing they were filthy and uneducated.  This is far from the truth.  In fact, we have much proof from archaeology grave sites and many ancient writings from persons, not at war with the Celtic tribes, that shows otherwise.

Lets consider more evidence if we can;

The Celtic tribes of England were written about by Ceasar but these negative things we must take with a grain of salt, as he is a conqueror who wanted their land and in order to justify his wishes to his people, he had to make the Celts sound uneducated and barbaric.  The same way the Elite who control the Government today, does through media.  If you want people to have a certain race controlled to take their resources or country, set up lies about them in the media.  But I digress.

Celts had particular written laws written in their Brehon laws about when they were to bathe and about personal grooming.  The Viking Danes we know took baths on Saturdays and combed their hair and changed their clothes often. An English cleric complained of this because they might also entice their own women.  Another Arabian scribe writes that the people of the Norway have a serving girl bring a basin of water every morning where they wash their face and hair then clear their nose in it and split.  The writer shows disgust in this practice.  This author is disgusted is because in their culture they did not bath as often as they could only bathe in running water. 

And lastly on their hygiene, it was the Celts themselves who introduced soap to the Romans.  The Celtic warriors had to bath prior to the evening meal along with clothing washing laws are detailed from nobles to common foster children.  They even discuss brushing ones hair daily, fingernails and makeup.  Some reports say they invented soap.

The Vikings too, had to wash their hands prior to meals.  In some of the stanzas written, the book also speaks of bathing.

Many bone combs have been found or ones of ivory.  Also other grooming tools such as ear spoons, tweezers ad razors.

They even took the time to create elaborate hairstyles that could include braiding.  Hairdressers or Barbers were wonderful and hired by Chieftains and Royalty.  Neither the Celts nor the Vikings had one specific hairstyle.  This too was based on the tribe itself mostly.  In Vikings the salves had their hair short and the others had medium to long hair.  The tribe that Pliny speaks of apparently the men bleach their hair more than the women.

The Gaulish tribes reddened their hair and of course the Germans close to this area.  One carving, in a Norman grave, shows an almost goatee style of beard with a really short bowl cut on top of head.  Some statue carvings show bangs, others not.  Some with waxed look pointed mustache ends curved upwards.  A bronze head of Odin also shows this.  Many vikings in fact have full mustaches and clean shaven chins.  For Viking women, they seemed to favour the blonde hair.  The women servants also wore short hair.  Some say the married women wore a cap over their locks and had to wear their hair up in a knot.

There was a burial site found where a Celt wore a Mohawk.  others have been described as having scary white cones that stood up, much like the kids today with their gel.  We also know they wore elaborate braiding styles especially on good occasions.  There have been numerous styles of hair ornaments were used;

1) Hollow golden balls worn worn at the ends of a tress of hair just like we have beads today in the famous Bo Derek look.

2) The mythologies write about gold, silver, or bronze hair circlets or fillets, some with gold plates that charioteers wore on their forehead.

3) Hair combs, ribbons, feathers and Hair pins were also used.  They were made of metal, bone, glass beads, stone gems, or horn.  Metalwork adorned most all.

4)  Women carried a comb bag with these cherished items.  Some included razors and mirrors.  

Now lets look at the myth they were uneducated.  Celtic people show they were well educated by claiming the strength of their oral tradition makes them stay connected as a tribal people.  Immigrants of Belgic tribes and most of these people even retained their original tribal names - lineage is power they believed.  Higher-Educated Celts were called Druids, and these included the healers, bards which were trained as musicians and poets with magical ways to change a mood, lawmakers and so on.  These schools so advanced that even other countries would send people there to be educated.  The Druid caste lasted until aprox 1200 years ago until it was slowly converted to Christianity.

Now lets look at wealth.  We see they made their own stamped bronze and gold coins, iron ingots of fixed weights, imported copper and used tin.  Not uneducated barbaric savages here either.

We now turn to livestock.  According to their law books, some tribal areas thought it unlawful to eat geese, hares and fowl if their clan totem was of the same.  In this case these animals were to be raised for pleasure and amusement.  We have foreign writers describing how a certain tribe wore skins, dyed their bodies with woad, and have long hair but shave their entire bodies except head and upper lip.  Long hair we now know was worn by the freemen or commoners who owned land shared by the Chieftain of the tribe. There is also the myth the myth that they didn't write anything down.... obviously false.  It was only certain things that they couldn't for they believed words could manifest reality thus only left to bards etc.

By Laurie-Lee Mills

Copyright Notice:
The Author of this work retains full copyright for this material. Permission is granted to use this material to distribute for non-commercial educational purposes provided the copyright notice is and my permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Ancient Celtic & Viking Hygiene and Hair Care - Copyright 2010, Laurie-Lee Mills August 4th, 2010.  Please ask for permission from Author.

Bibliography
Ancient England - Nigel Blundell and Kate Farrington.

Tall Celtic Walking sticks or Staffs

A walking stick is a device used by many people throughout history to Dark Ages times and perhaps further.  To the Celts, it was of prime importance. In ancient times, they were used as a weapon to defend against threat or in offense. Some were even are made to conceal some sort of blade, like a sword or knife. Swords, once an important Celtic symbol, fell out of use because of the newly developed weapons that could reach further distances, like guns and cannons. Swords, once a Celtic symbol of status and wealth, became less and less used and the next best thing that to replace them was a Celtic Walking stick. In fact, they became so popular that everyone strove to purchase one to add to their wardrobe accessories. In addition to its value as a decorative accessory, it fulfilled some of the function of the sword as a weapon. Many types of wood were used to make them but in more ancient times, the wood chosen was of great importance!
The wood along with the Celtic symbol design, on the walking stick, depicted the person and who he/she was. For example, some have a compass in the handle for the astronomer or seamen, and others may be devoted to a country past time such as fishing, golfing, breeding animals, merchants, farmers, Chieftains or riding. Of course the Chieftains, high ranking warriors, would have elaborately decorated walking sticks. Most likely they were buried with them.  Many are adorned with items that match a persons personality or mood. They can also reflect the season or a person's individual power animal or family crest or totem. Later on they still reflected the profession, like the English Bobby!
Walking sticks, or Staves, were also used by religious men, like the Druids, to show their position originally. The type of wood, the Celts used for wand or staff showed how high a rank the Druid was - 6 yrs of school for Vate, 12 for a Bard and 18 for Druid and some 20 years. Later the stick was adopted by the Christian faith and bishops, archimandrites and Abbots used them. They even adopted some of the colors, though over the years this was dropped. The religious leaders carried a darker wood and the walking sticks were straight not curved like a candy cane. They used silver as a grip at the top and a metal cap at the tip. The walking stick used by the leading man like the Arch Druid or Christian headmen was of plain wood, and had absolutely no decorations on it. The walking stick was given only in Initiations of both Druidism and Bishop rites at the beginning of their service. No one else had the right to carry it until such time one of the same rank you were going in to gave it. Any wand or item given for that particular sect and service was returned when you were finished that service, or passed on to the new person taking over.  As you can see, walking sticks vary in both size and shape. The artwork and sometimes even the beauty of the wood alone, have lead to the popular hobby of collecting them! Celtic ones are still elaborately carved with Celtic symbols, woodburned Celtic symbols, painted or plain. Some would show the hereditary badges or totem of the tribe or clan!
Walking sticks can be used to trek through rugged terrain, used to reach hard places or to clear away the wilderness foliage make a walkable path and avoid injury. They are great to use or leverage in gaining momentum to climb steeper hills, or to break a fall, or go slower going downhill. They are a must, in my opinion to bring on any outdoor adventure, as they can save a life when it comes to crossing a body of water or avoiding falling in a hole and test the ground or ice.
When purchasing one from an online store, it is good to put on a hand strap when you get it home. Most walking sticks craftsmen will drill this hole, and add a leather tie, for you at no extra charge or very minimal. You will want this if you are going anywhere so it can go around your wrist and you will not lose it in an accident. Also as a handle on the bigger ones called Staves, some may have a special grip where you place your hand for greater comfort. As a general rule of thumb, buy a walking stick staff of 3" shorter than you are. The larger and stronger the man, the larger and stronger the stick.
What are Nordic walking sticks? This term is used when telling you that there are two sticks, like ski poles. You'll want at least two kinds of walking sticks, one for cold climates, such as winter in Canada, and one for warmer weather. A winter walking stick will have a, a metallic cleat attached to the bottom in lieu of the rubber tip. Some are made so that the bottom converts into two styles, so you don't ruin indoor floors. These come in a set! They are winter walking sticks. The Norse people lived in a rugged world, and sometimes the weather was nasty. These Nordic walking sticks are all the rave in Europe today! They are becoming more popular in US and Canada as the world is reawakening to become more conscious of their health. Buying a walking stick and pedometer, and putting them by the door, will remind you that you need to finish your 10,000 steps per day. Walking with two walking sticks in the correct length radically reduces the stress to the knees, hips and back.
The collecting of walking sticks is a great hobby to take up for those searching for something to collect. Their value will never decrease and they are many types - ancient, modern, and hidden compartment ones like - hidden swords, hidden pool cues, hidden liquids (these are called tipplers!)," or compartments to hide precious stones, smokes, or matches for the survival campfire, and money. No matter what the reason, walking sticks are an investment that can't go wrong! All walking sticks are a great conversational piece as well as some having absolutely stunning - carved, painted or wood burned, designs! If you are big on the hidden sword canes, make sure it is legal in your country! Still today, people spend hundreds, even thousands, of dollars for them, as they are and most likely always will be, a hot collectible!

Mysteel (Mills) McKewan
Copyright 2009

Celtic Jewelry

Celtic Jewelry today is making a huge come back. Maybe because people are awakening to a whole new outlook on life, and society is changing as we head towards the new Aquarius age! Celtic Jewelry was highly prized by both men and women alike. Each piece told a story of who that person was, their status and their tribe's wealth. Today, people are finding the same thing and are identifying who they are through nature and symbols. Celtic jewelry is very unique in this way. No other jewelry has such deep meaning and beauty!

In ancient days, we know that bronze, silver and gold were all used by Celtic craftsmen and we've found Celtic jewelry dating from 2000 BC to around 550 AD. Celtic symbols were definitely the focus of the piece and most likely individualized to the person it was being made for. Today, the makers of Celtic jewelry are keeping to this tradition, making these pieces highly coveted once more.

So what kind of Celtic jewelry was made in ancient times? In fact, the Celtic jewelry found has been rings, bracelets, pendants, rings, hair pin decoration and brooches were found right across the Mediterranean so we know that the business of trade was successful for the lucky tribes who had a blacksmith.

The ancient Celts saw fire, which was used to make Celtic Jewelry, as a means that had transformative properties which would be the highest form of spiritual communication. On Celtic statues and art forms all around, they incorporated the design of three flames or sunrays on the faces of their deities, and on pictures of their clansmen and women. Great for woad design! These flames were drawn as three lines going up and outwards, fanning out on the forehead with the base of the three lines meeting at the bridge of the nose. Modern Druids are using this sign and it is called Arwen. Arwen is a Celtic concept of balance bringing together three things - the physical, knowledge & inspiration, and the spiritual. This might be something you'd like for the Celtic jewelry for your modern day clan.

The ancient Celts also honored the earth as their mother Goddess. They believed that when a kinsman/woman passed on, they had to be buried in a womb like cave facing west so that they would be reborn in the Celtic otherworld or Underworld. Some British and Welsh tribes call it the Isle of Avalon. But all Celts believed the afterlife continued on an isle across the sea. If someone you know has gone through a tough time, an earth symbol on their Celtic jewelry would be a great symbol to be reborn into a new phase!

Celtic jewelry also had creatures or animals. Totem animals were the earliest form of Gods. Gods changed into land areas where these animals came from, like the Salmon became a river Goddess and later, when males became more dominate, river Gods. When they were Christianized from 400's to 1700's CE, in more remote areas, these Gods became mythical beings like wizards, sorceresses, fairies, leprechauns and heroes. The air Gods became Sylphs. These come in the form of butterflies, after a loved one dies or when they wish to communicate something other than comfort they appear as sparkly, whirly, zoomy, flashy things written about in a few cultures legends. They were in the skies or air and only a few people can see them. Some say people who become more aware of their bodies, like a pregnant women, can experience this phenomenon. And others believe that these are actually butterflies. A symbol of the butterfly in Celtic jewelry is for those who are cocooning into a new phase of life, who are intuitive or needs strength for something.

Celtic knots, swirls, are a distinct style of Celtic artwork in Celtic jewelry, although truthfully there is no known actual symbolism that we know of. It doesn't matter though, as a few symbols have shed light on what they mean by studying other cultures. We know myths changed as society changed so we can take the myths of old and make them our own. After all, each tribe developed their own unique stories so we can too!

You can read more about Celtic symbolism on each piece of Celtic jewelry you look at and find the perfect piece for your friend or loved one both male or female!

by Laurie-Lee Mills
Celts and Vikings Mythology Shop selling renowned Celtic Jewelry in Canada

Copyright Notice:
The Author of this work retains full copyright for this material. Permission is granted to use this material to distribute for non-commercial educational purposes provided the copyright notice is and my permission notice are preserved on all copies.Celtic Jewelry - Copyright Laurie Lee Mills December  26, 2009.  Cannot be used without permission from Author.

Celtic Masks

Celtic Masks & other Tribal masks:  From the beginning of recorded history, masks have been worn for many reason and by all ancient cultures. The ancient Celtic and Viking peoples used tribal masks as a powerful mediator between the worlds, to frighten away spirits who might be angry, or to represent a Nature spirit - God.  I do know that the Vikings used masks and helmets to scare their enemy.

            Even the origins of scary Halloween masks go back to the old Celtic festival of Samhuinn (Scottish spelling).   These Celtic masks were used to blend in with the dead who were believed to be able to cross over during this time of year because this is the time when the Ovates would do their rituals to help the recently deceased cross over, hence the veil was thinnest.  Some of these spirits might have held a grudge or were kind of scary so they would use turnips (pumpkins in North America) and Celtic masks to frighten them away from themselves and their homes. One theory is that the people wore these costumes and Celtic masks to mimic the evil spirits and gain their goodwill and not damage crops or their things.

Owning and Storing a mask:  When using a Celtic tribal mask in ritual, always remember that the Celtic mask should never be taken lightly.   If you are going to learn to use a Celtic mask, you must remember to revere it as a sacred object.  Wrap it in a sacred cloth and store it in a respected place.  When the Celtic mask is used a lot, it will become a living being with its own power.  By putting his own self inside and allowing his body to be shared by the spirit the animal mask represents, the Shaman becomes that spirit.  Celtic and Viking masks and often their form and function were passed down through clans, families, or from individual to individual. When a new owner receives the gift, it is usually spiritually reactivated or aesthetically restored by polishing, repainting and redecorating, without destroying the basic form and symbolism. In many instances, however, the mask is used only for one ceremony or occasion and then is discarded or destroyed, sometimes by burning.

Types of Celtic Masks:  Animal head masks and skins were common feature of the Celtic rituals performed.  I will research Vikings on this as well soon.  They were made from various materials from wood, shells, gems, horn, bones, clay, stone, feathers, animal skins, fur, paper, cloth and plants.

Using the Celtic Mask for Ritual:  Before you start doing this make sure you have kept it honored and sacred.  The Celtic mask even when it was being made has started to manifest into spirit as to the will of the maker.  The wearer will be in direct contact with that spirit force.  Don't dabble!  The wearer must learn everything about it as he will be exposed to potential personal danger and become affected by the mask.  Possessed if you will.
   

Both the Celtic mask maker and the wearer protect themselves by following mandatory protocol.  Although the wearer is aware that he is performing a role, he does it in cooperation with the mask's guidance.   In other words without the specific posturing and dance and music the mask would not gain any life force.

If you try on a Celtic mask at home, you know you feel braver out in public or feel like you want to take on the character the mask portrays right!  This is kind of the same thing only more intense.  You will know that you've performed correctly when you are donning the mask and you undergo a psychic change and  get into a trance that assumes the spirit of the mask. The wearer seems to becomes psychologically attached and loses his own identity, without his own will.  Those watching, depending on the character of the masquerade mask, get wrapped up and dance for joy or quietly watch and feel the fright or emotion the mask and music brings to them.
 

Collecting Celtic Tribal masks:  is only been a recent hobby of the late 20th century.  Most Celtic or tribal masks have been obtained through archaeological excavations or in field expeditions, that is, in their place of origin.

by Laurie-Lee Mills
owner of Celts and Vikings Mythology Shop selling renowned Celtic Masks by Brahva (Laurie Lee's Artists Brandname) in Canada

Copyright Notice:
The Author of this work retains full copyright for this material. Permission is granted to use this material to distribute for non-commercial educational purposes provided the following is done.  A copyright notice is in place, along with this permission notice, and both are preserved on all copies of "Celtic Masks - Copyright Laurie Lee Mills November 2, 2009."  A note to me and link to my Celts and Vikings Mythology Shop shall be listed with your article as well.  Thanks and enjoy!!.